UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
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No. 92-2369
IN RE LA ELECTRONICA, INC.,
Debtor
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LA ELECTRONICA, INC.,
Appellee,
v.
OLGA CAPO-ROMAN,
Appellant.
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APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO
[Hon. Hector M. Laffitte, U.S. District Judge]
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Before
Breyer, Chief Judge,
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Torruella and Cyr,
Circuit Judges.
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Fernando Van Derdys with whom Jos A. Acosta Grubb and Fiddler,
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Gonz lez & Rodr guez were on brief for appellant.
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William M. Vidal Carvajal with whom Antonio I. Hernandez-Rodri-
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guez and Hernandez & Vidal were on brief for appellee.
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June 11, 1993
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CYR, Circuit Judge. Olga Capo Roman ("Capo"), former
CYR, Circuit Judge.
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vice president of appellee La Electronica, Inc. (hereinafter:
"Electronica" or "chapter 11 debtor"), appeals the district
court's reversal of a bankruptcy court order according "adminis-
trative expense" priority to certain alimony and support obliga-
tions due Capo by her former husband, Reinaldo Betancourt Veraits
("Betancourt"). We affirm.
I
I
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
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Capo filed for divorce from Betancourt in 1987. At
that time, Betancourt was the president and sole shareholder of
Electronica, and Capo served as its unsalaried vice-president and
general manager. On July 22, 1988, Betancourt, Capo and
Electronica entered into an unusual agreement ("Support Agree-
ment") whereby Electronica assumed joint liability for the
alimony and support payments Betancourt would be required to make
to Capo under their divorce decree. As consideration for Electr-
onica's assumption of liability under the Support Agreement, Capo
agreed to resign her positions with Electronica.1
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1The bankruptcy court found that the Support Agreement was
"entered into in arms-length negotiations, . . ." and "executed
with [a] clear and avowed corporate purpose . . . to sever[] all
corporate and managerial connections of Mrs. Capo with debtor,
thus avoiding the tense situations that could possibly arise
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after the divorce of the sole stockholder of the company from his
wife and corporate officer [sic] and General Manager of the
company for many years." (Emphasis added.) As we affirm on an
alternate ground relied upon by the district court, we need not
2
On June 28, 1989, Electronica filed a voluntary chapter
11 petition and discontinued its payments under the Support
Agreement.2 Approximately a year later, in June 1990, Capo
requested that accrued alimony and support obligations under the
Support Agreement be allowed as priority "administrative expens-
es" of the chapter 11 estate. See Bankruptcy Code 503(a),(b)-
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(1)(A); 11 U.S.C. 503(a),(b)(1)(A). Electronica opposed the
request.
On November 29, 1990, the bankruptcy court confirmed a
chapter 11 reorganization plan which provided, inter alia, that
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"[a]ny executory contract not specifically rejected on the
confirmation of the Plan shall be deemed assumed." The court
contemporaneously allowed Capo's request to recover accrued
support and alimony payments under the Support Agreement. It
ruled that the Support Agreement, as an executory contract not
previously rejected, was assumed in accordance with the express
terms of the reorganization plan. Based on its finding that the
Support Agreement provided a continuing benefit to "the operation
of the corporation . . . [by] avoiding internal struggles between
two competing officers[,] which could be detrimental to the
[debtor's continued] operation," the bankruptcy court concluded
that the accrued support and alimony payments were "necessary for
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determine whether Capo's resignation constituted valid consider-
ation for Electronica's assumption of Betancourt's obligations
under the Support Agreement.
2The record does not indicate whether Betancourt continued
to make payments under the divorce decree.
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[the] preservation" of the chapter 11 estate, hence entitled to
priority treatment as costs of administration under Bankruptcy
Code 503(b)(1)(A). Electronica appealed. The district court
reversed on the ground that the Support Agreement was not an
executory contract and, alternatively, that the marital support
and alimony payments due Capo under the Support Agreement were
not "actual, necessary costs and expenses of preserving the
estate," within the meaning of Bankruptcy Code 503(b)(1)(A).
II
II
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
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"Administrative Expense" Priority
"Administrative Expense" Priority
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In the circumstances of the present case, we need not
concern ourselves with whether the Support Agreement was an
"executory contract,"3 or whether Capo's prepetition resignation
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3Subject to certain exceptions not presently relevant, an
executory contract or unexpired lease may be assumed or rejected
pursuant to a confirmed chapter 11 plan. See 11 U.S.C. 365,
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1123(b). Although the Bankruptcy Code does not define the term
"executory contract," most courts adopt the position advanced by
Professor Vern Countryman, defining an "executory contract" as
one "under which the obligation [of] both the bankrupt and the
other party to the contract are so far unperformed that the
failure of either to complete performance would constitute a
material breach excusing the performance of the other." Vern A.
Countryman, Executory Contracts in Bankruptcy, Pt. I, 57 Minn. L.
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Rev. 439, 460 (1973). A few courts, treating Professor Countrym-
an's definition as "helpful but not controlling," hold that the
determination whether a contract is "executory" requires a more
"functional" approach, "with an eye towards furthering the
policies of the Bankruptcy Code." See In re Richmond Metal
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Finishers, Inc., 34 B.R. 521 (Bkrtcy. E.D. Va. 1983), rev'd., 38
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B.R. 341 (E.D. Va. 1984), rev'd., 756 F.2d 1043 (4th Cir. 1985),
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cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1057 (1986); see also In re Magness, 972
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F.2d 689, 694 (6th Cir. 1992); In re Jolly, 574 F.2d 349 (6th
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as Electronica's unsalaried vice-president and general manager
constituted valid consideration for Electronica's assumption of
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Betancourt's obligations under the divorce decree. Even assuming
sufficient consideration for the Support Agreement, Capo utterly
failed to carry her burden of proof on the subsidiary proposition
that the chapter 11 debtor's postpetition assumption of its
president's financial obligations under the divorce decree
constituted an "actual, necessary cost[] and expense[] of pre-
serving the [chapter 11] estate," within the meaning of section
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503(b)(1)(A); see also In re Hemingway Transport, Inc., 954 F.2d
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1, 5 (1st Cir. 1992) ("the burden of proving entitlement to
priority payment as an administrative expense . . . rests with
the party requesting it"); In re CIS Corp., 142 B.R. 640, 642
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(S.D.N.Y. 1992) ( 503(b)(1)(A) claimant has burden of proving
that its services provided an "actual, necessary" benefit to the
debtor). As we have long recognized, "the traditional
presumption favoring ratable distribution among all holders of
unsecured claims counsels strict construction of the Bankruptcy
Code provisions governing requests for priority payment of
administrative expenses." Hemingway Trans., 954 F.2d at 4-5
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(citing cases). In order to qualify for "administrative expense"
priority under Bankruptcy Code 503(b)(1)(A), therefore, "the
consideration supporting the claimant's right to payment [must
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Cir.), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 929 (1978); In re Booth, 19 B.R. 53
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(Bankr. D. Utah 1982). See generally David G. Epstein, et al., 1
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Bankruptcy 5-4(b) (1992) (surveying case law on both sides of
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issue).
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be] supplied to and beneficial to the debtor-in-possession in the
operation of the business." In re Mammoth Mart, Inc., 536 F.2d
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950, 954 (1976) (construing Bankruptcy Act forerunner to Code
503(b)).
We can discern no economic "benefit" to the chapter 11
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estate from its assumption of an "executory contract" to compen-
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sate Capo for not performing the unsalaried corporate services
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she previously performed for Electronica. To the extent Electro-
nica derived economic benefit from Capo's resignation i.e., in
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the form of diminished risk of "disruption" to its business
operations law and logic suggest that the benefit derived pre-
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petition, viz, at the time her resignation was submitted, not
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during the postpetition stewardship of the debtor-in-possession.
Once Capo resigned, any presumed risk of internal "disruption"
ceased. The same result would follow if the Support Agreement
somehow were considered analogous to a severance agreement. Id.
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at 955 (whether debtor's severance pay claim based on unrejected
contract is entitled to administrative priority depends on extent
to which "consideration supporting the claim was supplied during
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the reorganization.") (emphasis added).
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As the district court correctly reversed the allowance
of appellant's request for "administrative expense" priority
under Bankruptcy Code 503(b)(1)(A), we affirm.4
Affirmed.
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4Our disallowance of Capo's 503(a),(b)(1)(A) request is
not intended to foreclose its reconsideration as a timely infor-
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mal proof of unsecured claim.
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